Abstract: Accurate prediction of ground deformation caused by shield tunneling is crucial for ensuring construction safety and quality.Current research often neglects the unsaturated characteristics of soil.This study is based on the initial solution for an unsaturated half-space subjected to embedded concentrated forces and an improved three-dimensional displacement solution due to soil loss.The analysis also considers factors such as the soil extrusion effect of the cutting head,non-uniform distribution of shield friction,and grouting pressure.The superposition method is used to solve the unsaturated ground displacement caused by shield tunneling.The proposed method is applied using actual engineering parameters,and the results are compared with measured values and those calculated using the Mindlin solution.This comparison validates the scientific validity of the proposed method.The analysis shows that soil loss is the primary factor causing ground deformation during shield advancement.Ground deformation caused by construction loads is significantly influenced by soil saturation.As soil saturation decreases,the deformation caused by loads tends to decrease.Compared to saturated soil,the maximum displacement can be reduced by up to 35%.At different saturation levels,the ground deformation at the same location decreases with increasing depth ratio,with a maximum reduction of up to 83.1%.The Mindlin solution underestimates the ground displacement caused by shield tunneling,which may pose potential risks to the project.